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1 maintain a patent
Англо-русский словарь промышленной и научной лексики > maintain a patent
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2 Patent
Patent n (Pat.) PAT, RECHT patent, pat. • ein Patent anmelden PAT take out a patent • ein Patent erwirken PAT take out a patent • Patent ist angemeldet PAT application is pending* * *n (Pat.) <Patent, Recht> patent (pat.) ■ ein Patent anmelden < Patent> take out a patent ■ ein Patent erwirken < Patent> take out a patent ■ Patent ist angemeldet < Patent> application is pending* * *Patent
patent, (Patenturkunde) [letters] patent;
• Patent angemeldet patent pending;
• durch ein Patent geschützt patented;
• abgelaufenes Patent patent lapsed, expired patent;
• älteres Patent prior patent;
• angefochtenes Patent patent sued on, contested patent;
• angemeldetes Patent patent pending;
• später angemeldetes Patent subsequent patent;
• bahnbrechendes Patent pioneer patent;
• nebeneinander bestehende Patente coexisting patents;
• blockiertes Patent blocking-off patent;
• einwandfreies Patent clean patent;
• endgültiges Patent complete patent;
• erloschenes Patent expired patent;
• erteiltes Patent patent issued (granted);
• nicht mehr geschütztes Patent expired patent;
• grundlegendes Patent pioneer (basic) patent;
• gültiges Patent patent in force, valid patent;
• jüngeres Patent subsequent patent;
• mangelhaftes Patent defective patent;
• nichtiges Patent void patent;
• selbstständiges Patent independent patent;
• strittiges Patent conflicting patent;
• umfassendes Patent blanket patent;
• verfallenes Patent lapsed (expired) patent;
• Patent anfechten to attack (avoid) a patent;
• Patent anmelden to file an application (apply, put up) for a patent, to give notice of a patent;
• Erfindung zum Patent anmelden to patent an invention;
• Patent aufgeben to surrender a patent;
• Patent aufrechterhalten to maintain a patent;
• Patent ausstellen to issue a patent;
• Patent ausüben to work a patent;
• Patent auswerten to exploit a patent;
• Patent beantragen to seek a patent;
• gleichzeitig ein Patent für ein und dieselbe Erfindung beantragen to interfere (US);
• Patent berichtigen to amend a patent;
• Patent besitzen to hold a patent;
• Patent bewerten to appraise a patent;
• Patent eintragen to register a patent;
• Patent enteignen to acquire a patent compulsorily;
• Patent erhalten to take out a patent;
• Patent in Geltung erhalten to keep a patent in force (alive);
• Patent für nichtig erklären to revoke (annul, nullify) a patent;
• Patent erteilen to grant (issue) a patent;
• Patent ungenutzt lassen to shelve a patent;
• Patent verfallen lassen to forfeit (abandon, drop) a patent;
• Patent löschen to cancel a patent;
• Patent praktisch verwertbar machen to reduce a patent to practice;
• Patent missbrauchen to abuse a patent privilege;
• durch Patente schützen to protect by patents;
• Patent gegen Ausnutzung schützen to protect a patent from infringement;
• zum Patent angemeldet sein to be put up for patent;
• Patent auf eine Basis stützen to base an invention;
• Patent übertragen to assign a patent;
• Patent umgehen to circumvent a patent;
• Patent verlängern to extend a patent;
• Patent verletzen to infringe a patent;
• Patent versagen (verweigern, vorenthalten) to refuse a patent, to withhold [the grant of] a patent;
• Patent verwerten to realize a patent, to use a patented product;
• auf ein Patent verzichten to drop (abandon) a patent;
• auf ein unberechtigtes Patent verzichten to surrender a patent;
• erloschenes Patent wiederherstellen to revive an expired patent;
• Patent zurücknehmen to revoke a patent;
• Patentabänderung variance;
• scheinbare Patentabänderung zu Umgehungszwecken colo(u)rable alteration;
• Patentabgabe royalty;
• Patentablauf expiration (expiry) of a patent;
• Patentabteilung patent department;
• Patentabtretung assignment of a patent. -
3 Patent aufrechterhalten
Patent aufrechterhalten
to maintain a patentBusiness german-english dictionary > Patent aufrechterhalten
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4 сохранять патент в силе
Русско-английский словарь по экономии > сохранять патент в силе
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5 поддържам патент в сила
maintain a patentmaintains a patentБългарски-Angleščina политехнически речник > поддържам патент в сила
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6 сохранять патент в силе
1) Economy: maintain a patent in force2) Patents: retain patent, retain a patent, hold a patent, maintain a patent3) Business: keep a patent in forceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > сохранять патент в силе
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7 Patentrecht
Patentrecht n PAT, RECHT patent law; patent right, right to a patent* * *n <Patent, Recht> patent law, patent right, right to a patent* * *Patentrecht
patent right;
• angemeldetes Patentrecht patent pending, (Patentgesetz) inchoate right;
• Patentrechte aufheben to remove patent rights;
• Patentrecht aufrechterhalten to maintain a patent in force;
• Patentrecht verletzen to infringe on a patent right. -
8 Patentanspruch
Patentanspruch
claim [for a patent], patent right (claim);
• zusammenfassender Patentanspruch omnibus claim (Br.);
• Patentanspruch abtreten to assign a patent;
• Patentanspruch aufrechterhalten to maintain a patent in force;
• Patentanspruch zu Fall bringen to defeat the right to a patent;
• Patentanspruch verteidigen to assert a patent claim;
• Patentanspruch verwirken to invalidate a patent. -
9 заявлять права на патент
Patents: maintain a patentУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > заявлять права на патент
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10 Patentanspruch aufrechterhalten
Patentanspruch aufrechterhalten
to maintain a patent in forceBusiness german-english dictionary > Patentanspruch aufrechterhalten
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11 Patentrecht aufrechterhalten
Patentrecht aufrechterhalten
to maintain a patent in forceBusiness german-english dictionary > Patentrecht aufrechterhalten
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12 claro
adj.1 obvious, apparent, clear, crisp.2 clear, bright, clear-cut, articulate.3 definite, distinct.intj.sure, sure enough, of course.m.1 clearing, glade, clear space, clear.2 gap.3 Claro.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) clear2 (iluminado) bright, well-lit3 (color) light4 (salsa etc) thin; (café, chocolate, etc) weak5 (evidente) clear► adverbio1 clearly1 (gen) gap, space; (de bosque) clearing2 (en el pelo) bald patch► interjección ¡claro!1 of course!■ ¡claro que no puedes! of course you can't!\a las claras openlydejar algo claro to make something clearestar claro to be clear¡lo llevas claro! / ¡lo tienes claro! familiar you've got it coming to you!más claro,-a que el agua familiar as clear as daylightponer en claro to make plain, clear upsacar en claro to get outclaro de luna moonlightmente clara figurado clear mind————————1 (gen) gap, space; (de bosque) clearing2 (en el pelo) bald patch* * *1. (f. - clara)adj.1) clear2) evident3) bright4) fair, light5) weak, thin6) frank2. adv.1) clearly2) sure3) frankly4) of course3. noun m.* * *1. ADJ1) (=no oscuro) [piel] fair; [color] light, paleun vestido verde claro — a light o pale green dress
2) (=evidente)a) [con sustantivos] [ejemplo, prueba, ventaja] clear; [inconveniente] obvious; [desastre] total, absoluteesto es un claro reflejo de que el sistema no funciona — this is a clear indication that the system does not work
España ganó por un claro 15-6 — Spain won a decisive 15-6 victory, Spain were clear winners by 15-6
... aseguró, en clara referencia a sus superiores —... he asserted, clearly referring o in an obvious reference to his superiors
b) [con verbos]•
dejar algo claro — to make sth clearha dejado bien claro que no quiere vernos más — he has made it quite clear he does not want to see us again
dejar las cosas claras o en claro — to get things clear, get things straight *
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estar claro — to be clear¿está claro? — is that clear?
estar claro que — to be clear that, be obvious that
está claro que así no vamos a ninguna parte — it's clear o obvious that we'll get nowhere like this
no está nada claro que nuestro partido vaya a ganar las elecciones — it's not at all clear that our party will win the election
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quedar claro — to be clearsi te lees la bibliografía, te quedará todo más claro — if you read the books on the reading list, it'll all be clearer to you o you'll have a better idea of things
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tener algo claro — to be sure of sth, be clear about sthni siquiera tengo claro lo que me espera mañana — I'm not even sure o clear what's in store for me tomorrow
no lo tengo nada claro — I'm not at all sure, I don't really know
c)a las claras —
su triunfo deja bien a las claras el buen momento que atraviesa — his victory is a clear indication o sign that he is on excellent form
las cuentas claras —
me gustan las cuentas claras — I like to have o keep things clear
el ministro ha presentado las cuentas claras al Parlamento — the minister has been quite straightforward with Parliament
llevarlo Esp o tenerlo claro iró —
sacar algo en claro (de algo) —
solo hemos sacado en claro que no pretende dimitir — all that we can safely o definitely say is that he has no intention of resigning
lo único que la policía consiguió sacar en claro durante el interrogatorio — the only definite thing the police got from the interview
ver algo claro —
no ven claro cómo van a poder terminar a tiempo — they can't really see how they are going to finish on time
el ministro ve claro que se puede lograr un acuerdo — the minister is optimistic about reaching an agreement
3) (=poco espeso) [té, café] weak; [caldo] thin4) (=luminoso) [día, mañana] bright; [habitación, casa] light, bright5) (=transparente) [agua] clear; [tejido] transparent6) (=nítido) [sonido, voz] clear; [imagen] sharp, clear7) (=escaso) [pelo] thin; [bosque] light, sparse8) (=preciso) [idea] clearuna mente clara — (lit) a clear mind; (fig) a clear thinker
9) (=sincero) frank2. ADV1) (=con precisión) [oír, ver, hablar] clearly2) (=sinceramente) frankly•
hablar claro — to speak frankly, be frank3) [tras invitaciones, peticiones] sure-¿puedo usar tu coche mañana? -¡claro! — "can I use your car tomorrow?" - "sure!"
-¿queréis venir a cenar? -¡claro! — "would you like to come to dinner?" - "sure!"
4) [uso enfático]¡claro! por eso estaba ayer tan rara — of course! that's why she was acting so funny yesterday
a menos que, claro está, él también la conozca — unless of course he knows her too
-¿por qué no te disfrazas tú? -¡claro, para que os riáis de mí todos! — "why don't you dress up?" - "oh sure, so you can all laugh at me!"
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claro que, claro que nadie se imaginaba lo que vendría después — of course nobody could imagine what would happen afterwards¡claro que no! — of course not!
¡claro que sí! — yes, of course!
3. SM1) (Meteo) bright spell, sunny intervalhabrá nubes y claros — it will be cloudy with bright spells o sunny intervals
2) [de tiempo] lullaprovechamos un clarillo para salir a comprar — we took advantage of a little lull to go and do some shopping
3) (=espacio despejado) [entre personas] space; [entre árboles] clearing; [de pelo] bald patch4) [en un texto] gap, space; [en discurso] pause5) (Arquit) (=claraboya) skylight; (=abertura) window (opening)6) Caribe (Culin) guava jelly7) Caribe (=bebida) sugar-cane brandy* * *I- ra adjetivo1) ( luminoso) <cielo/habitación> brighttiene los ojos claros — she has blue/green/gray eyes
3) <salsa/sopa> thin4) <agua/sonido> clear; <ideas/explicación/instrucciones> clear; <situación/postura> clearque quede bien claro que... — I want it to be quite clear that...
¿está claro? — is that clear?
quiero dejar (en) claro que... — I want to make it very o quite clear that...
a las claras: díselo a las claras tell her straight; llevarlo claro (Esp fam) to be in for a shock; sacar algo en claro de algo — to make sense of something
5) ( evidente) clear, obviousestá claro que... — it is clear o obvious that...
IIa no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo — unless, of course, he's lying
1) < ver> clearlyvoy a hablarte claro — I'm not going to beat around o about the bush
me lo dijo muy claro — he made it very o quite clear (to me)
2) (indep)a) ( en exclamaciones de asentimiento) of courseclaro que no! — no, of course not!
claro que sí! — of course, absolutely!
b) ( como enlace) mind younadie le creyó, claro no es de extrañar — nobody believed him. Mind you, it's not surprising
claro, así cualquiera puede — well, of course anyone can do it like that
IIIdíselo - claro, para que me regañe ¿no? — (iró) tell him - oh sure, and have him tell me off, right? (iro)
1) ( en bosque) clearing; (en el pelo, la barba) bald patch2) (Meteo) sunny spell o period o interval* * *= apparent, clear [clearer -comp., clearest -sup.], clear-cut, crisp [crisper -comp., crispest -sup.], definite, distinct, light, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.], plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], straightforward, tidy, distinctive, designated, uncloudy, unclouded, unclouded, cloudless, forthright, uncompromising, unqualified, cut and dried [cut and dry], patent.Ex. Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.Ex. In practice the distinction between one term and the next is not very clear.Ex. The hierarchical relationship is relatively clear-cut, and rather precise guideliness can be formulated to ensure that the BT/NT relationship is consistently applied.Ex. A crisp, even impression became the norm, along with the use of respectable paper and ink.Ex. I don't see that we are going to stand a chance unless there is something very definite coming out of this conference and similar conferences where these ideas are advanced.Ex. Against this proliferation of hosts there is a distinct awareness amongst users of the need for the rationalisation.Ex. To match the small amount of existing furniture which was reused, internal joinery and furniture is in a light coloured timber.Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.Ex. To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.Ex. This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.Ex. A patron may submit a beautifully legible request for a book with a distinctive author and title, accompanied by a reference to the journal article from which the citation was gleaned.Ex. It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.Ex. In that case, the peak of solar energy could be at an uncloudy moment in the morning or afternoon, even though the sun wasn't highest in the sky at that moment.Ex. As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.Ex. As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.Ex. This is the first cloudless image of the Earth from space.Ex. We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.Ex. What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.Ex. Wing has not had the almost unqualified praise from the reviewers that Pollard and Redgrave received.Ex. One of them snipped Ben Kline's life short, and Marla's determined to get to the root of a case that's anything but cut and dried.Ex. It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.----* cantarlas claras = call + a spade a spade.* con una meta clara = focused [focussed].* con un objetivo claro = focused [focussed].* cuestiones poco claras = grey area [gray area].* de forma clara = clearly.* dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.* dejar claro = make + it + clear, send + a clear signal that.* de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.* de modo claro = transparently.* en + Lengua + claro = in plain + Lengua.* en términos claros = in simple terms.* estar claro = be plain, be out in the open.* hablar claro = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.* más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.* más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.* nada claro = unclear, uncleared.* no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.* no está claro todavía = the jury is still out (on).* para que quede más claro = for main effects.* pasta de clara de huevo = glair.* poco claro = fuzzy [fuzzier - comp., fuzziest -sup.], indistinct, obscure, unclear, untidy, hazy, inconclusive, slurred, clouded, undistinguished, uncleared, indistinctive.* poner en claro = clear up.* ser algo muy claro = be a dead giveaway.* sin una meta clara = unfocused [unfocussed].* sin un objetivo claro = non-purposive, unfocused [unfocussed].* tan claro como el agua = as clear as a bell.* tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.* tener claro = be clear in your mind.* violeta claro = periwinkle.* * *I- ra adjetivo1) ( luminoso) <cielo/habitación> brighttiene los ojos claros — she has blue/green/gray eyes
3) <salsa/sopa> thin4) <agua/sonido> clear; <ideas/explicación/instrucciones> clear; <situación/postura> clearque quede bien claro que... — I want it to be quite clear that...
¿está claro? — is that clear?
quiero dejar (en) claro que... — I want to make it very o quite clear that...
a las claras: díselo a las claras tell her straight; llevarlo claro (Esp fam) to be in for a shock; sacar algo en claro de algo — to make sense of something
5) ( evidente) clear, obviousestá claro que... — it is clear o obvious that...
IIa no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo — unless, of course, he's lying
1) < ver> clearlyvoy a hablarte claro — I'm not going to beat around o about the bush
me lo dijo muy claro — he made it very o quite clear (to me)
2) (indep)a) ( en exclamaciones de asentimiento) of courseclaro que no! — no, of course not!
claro que sí! — of course, absolutely!
b) ( como enlace) mind younadie le creyó, claro no es de extrañar — nobody believed him. Mind you, it's not surprising
claro, así cualquiera puede — well, of course anyone can do it like that
IIIdíselo - claro, para que me regañe ¿no? — (iró) tell him - oh sure, and have him tell me off, right? (iro)
1) ( en bosque) clearing; (en el pelo, la barba) bald patch2) (Meteo) sunny spell o period o interval* * *= apparent, clear [clearer -comp., clearest -sup.], clear-cut, crisp [crisper -comp., crispest -sup.], definite, distinct, light, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.], plain [plainer -comp., plainest -sup.], straightforward, tidy, distinctive, designated, uncloudy, unclouded, unclouded, cloudless, forthright, uncompromising, unqualified, cut and dried [cut and dry], patent.Ex: Menu-based information retrieval system have found favour because of their apparent simplicity.
Ex: In practice the distinction between one term and the next is not very clear.Ex: The hierarchical relationship is relatively clear-cut, and rather precise guideliness can be formulated to ensure that the BT/NT relationship is consistently applied.Ex: A crisp, even impression became the norm, along with the use of respectable paper and ink.Ex: I don't see that we are going to stand a chance unless there is something very definite coming out of this conference and similar conferences where these ideas are advanced.Ex: Against this proliferation of hosts there is a distinct awareness amongst users of the need for the rationalisation.Ex: To match the small amount of existing furniture which was reused, internal joinery and furniture is in a light coloured timber.Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.Ex: To reiterate, there are two main categories of relationship: the syntactic relationships referred to in the last paragraph and plain, for example, in a topic such as 'sugar and health'.Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.Ex: This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.Ex: A patron may submit a beautifully legible request for a book with a distinctive author and title, accompanied by a reference to the journal article from which the citation was gleaned.Ex: It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.Ex: In that case, the peak of solar energy could be at an uncloudy moment in the morning or afternoon, even though the sun wasn't highest in the sky at that moment.Ex: As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.Ex: As they grow up in those heady post-war years, in the blue unclouded weather of the late 1940s, these are the sisters you'll never forget.Ex: This is the first cloudless image of the Earth from space.Ex: We have been told once, in clear and forthright terms, what it is that we need.Ex: What precipitated that furor was that Panizzi's volume represented a uncompromising rejection of the comfortable ideology of the finding catalog.Ex: Wing has not had the almost unqualified praise from the reviewers that Pollard and Redgrave received.Ex: One of them snipped Ben Kline's life short, and Marla's determined to get to the root of a case that's anything but cut and dried.Ex: It was patent that they could not compete on equal terms with the economic and social forces of a complex civilization.* cantarlas claras = call + a spade a spade.* con una meta clara = focused [focussed].* con un objetivo claro = focused [focussed].* cuestiones poco claras = grey area [gray area].* de forma clara = clearly.* dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.* dejar claro = make + it + clear, send + a clear signal that.* de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.* de modo claro = transparently.* en + Lengua + claro = in plain + Lengua.* en términos claros = in simple terms.* estar claro = be plain, be out in the open.* hablar claro = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.* las cosas + estar + claras = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.* más claro el agua = as clear as a bell.* más claro que el agua = as clear as a bell.* nada claro = unclear, uncleared.* no dar una impresión clara = send + mixed signals.* no está claro todavía = the jury is still out (on).* para que quede más claro = for main effects.* pasta de clara de huevo = glair.* poco claro = fuzzy [fuzzier - comp., fuzziest -sup.], indistinct, obscure, unclear, untidy, hazy, inconclusive, slurred, clouded, undistinguished, uncleared, indistinctive.* poner en claro = clear up.* ser algo muy claro = be a dead giveaway.* sin una meta clara = unfocused [unfocussed].* sin un objetivo claro = non-purposive, unfocused [unfocussed].* tan claro como el agua = as clear as a bell.* tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.* tener claro = be clear in your mind.* violeta claro = periwinkle.* * *A (luminoso) ‹cielo› bright; ‹habitación› bright, lightel día amaneció claro the day dawned bright and clearB (pálido) ‹color/verde/azul› light, pale; ‹piel› fair, whitetiene los ojos claros she has blue/green/gray eyesel típico sueco rubio y de ojos claros the typical blue-eyed, blond SwedeC ‹salsa/sopa› thin; ‹café/té› weakD ‹agua/sonido› clearhabló con voz clara she spoke in a clear voiceE ‹ideas/explicación/instrucciones› clear; ‹situación/postura› clearconsiguieron una clara ventaja they gained a clear advantagetiene muy claro lo que quiere en la vida she is very clear o sure about what she wants out of life, she knows exactly what she wants out of lifeque quede bien claro que … I want it to be quite clear that …lo harás como yo te diga, ¿está claro? you'll do it the way I say, is that clear o do I make myself clear?quiero dejar (en) claro que … or que quede bien (en) claro que … I want to make it very o quite clear that …, let it be very o quite clear that …a las claras: no me lo dijo a las claras she didn't tell me in so many words o straight out o ( AmE) right offno seas cobarde y díselo a las claras don't be a coward, tell her straightllevarlo claro ( Esp fam) (estar equivocado) to be in for a shock o a disappointment; (enfrentarse a algo difícil) to have one's work cut out ( colloq)pasar la noche en claro to lie o be awake all nightsacar algo en claro de algo to make sense of sth¿tú sacaste algo en claro de lo que dijo? did you manage to make any sense of what he said?F (evidente) clear, obvioushay pruebas claras de que miente there is clear evidence that he is lyingestá claro que ella es la culpable it is clear o obvious that she is the culprit, she is clearly o obviously the culprit… a no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo … unless, of course, he's lyingA ‹hablar/ver›voy a hablarte claro I'm not going to beat around o about the bush, I'm going to give it to you straight ( colloq)ahora lo veo claro I see it all clearly now, now I get it! ( colloq)me lo dijo muy claro he made it very o quite clear (to me)me lo dijo todo claro y raspado he told me straight, he didn't beat around o about the bushB ( indep)1 (en exclamaciones de asentimiento) of course!¡claro que lo sabe! of course she knows!¿te gustaría verlo? — ¡claro! would you like to see it? — yes, I'd love to o ( colloq) sure!¿lo hizo? — ¡claro que no! did he do it? — no, of course not! o no, of course he didn't!2 (como enlace) mind younadie le creyó, claro que conociéndolo no es de extrañar nobody believed him. Mind you, knowing him it's not surprisinglo ayudó la madre — claro, así cualquiera his mother helped him — well, of course anyone can do it like thatanda, díselo tú — claro, para que me eche a mí la bronca ¿no? ( iró); go on, you tell him — oh sure o oh fine o I see, so that way it's me he gets mad at, right? ( iro)A (en un bosque) clearing; (en el pelo, la barba) bald patchhabía algunos claros en las gradas there were a few empty spaces in the standB ( Meteo) sunny spell o period o intervalCompuesto:moonlight* * *
claro 1◊ -ra adjetivo
‹ piel› fair;◊ tiene los ojos claros she has blue/green/gray eyes
‹ideas/explicación/instrucciones› clear;
‹situación/postura› clear;
¿está claro? is that clear?;
quiero dejar (en) claro que … I want to make it clear that …;
sacar algo en claro de algo to make sense of sth
◊ está claro que … it is clear o obvious that …;
a no ser, claro está, que esté mintiendo unless, of course, he's lying
claro 2 adverbio
1 ‹ ver› clearly;◊ voy a hablarte claro I'm not going to beat around o about the bush;
me lo dijo muy claro he made it very quite clear (to me)
2 ( indep) ( en exclamaciones de asentimiento) of course
■ sustantivo masculino
(en pelo, barba) bald patchb) (Meteo) sunny spell o period
claro,-a
I adjetivo
1 (despejado, evidente) clear: tengo muy claro que no va a volver, I'm quite sure she won't come back
un asunto poco claro, a shady deal
2 (poco espeso) thin
3 (color) light
II sustantivo masculino
1 (de un bosque) clearing
2 (entre las nubes) break in the clouds
3 claro de luna, moonlight
III adverbio clearly: deberías hablar claro, you must speak clearly
IV exclamación of course!
¡claro que puedo!, of course I can!
♦ Locuciones: a las claras, clearly
dejar algo claro, to make something clear
lo lleva claro si piensa que voy a tolerarlo, she can be quite sure that i?m not going to put up with it
sacar algo en claro, to draw a conclusion: después de tanta discusión, no sacamos nada en claro, we were back to square one after hours of discussion
' claro' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
clara
- escarceo
- estar
- hombre
- nebulosa
- nebuloso
- nítida
- nítido
- notoria
- notorio
- patente
- poca
- poco
- precisa
- preciso
- pues
- rondar
- sacar
- salvaje
- agua
- celeste
- color
- constar
- hablar
- lavado
- neto
- oscuro
- palpable
- que
- quedar
- visto
English:
ale
- apparent
- articulate
- break
- broad
- clean-cut
- clear
- clear-cut
- clearing
- confusing
- crystal-clear
- decided
- distinct
- enough
- fuzzy
- good
- ice-blue
- indistinct
- let
- light
- lucid
- mousy
- mud
- neat
- obscure
- outset
- pale
- plain
- precise
- sharp
- speak out
- spell out
- straight
- surely
- tenuous
- then
- thin
- transparently
- unclear
- unequivocal
- why
- blur
- by
- certainly
- clearly
- course
- crystal
- flash
- increasingly
- more
* * *claro, -a♦ adj1. [luminoso] bright;una habitación clara a bright o light room2. [color] light;verde claro light green3. [sonido] clear;hablaba con una voz clara she spoke in a clear voice4. [sin nubes] clear;un día/cielo claro a clear day/sky5. [diluido] [té, café] weak;[salsa, sopa] thin;no me gusta el chocolate claro I don't like my hot chocolate thin6. [poco tupido] thin, sparse7. [persona, explicación, ideas, libro] clear;hablaba con un lenguaje claro she spoke in clear terms;dejar algo claro to make sth clear;poner algo en claro to get sth clear, to clear sth up;que quede (bien) claro que no fue idea mía I want to make it (quite) clear that it wasn't my idea;sacar algo en claro (de) to make sth out (from);después de escuchar su explicación no saqué nada en claro after listening to her explanation, I was none the wiser;tengo claro que no puedo contar con él one thing I'm quite sure about is that I can't rely on him, one thing's for sure, I can't rely on him;verlo claro [estar seguro] to be sure;pasar una noche en claro to have a sleepless night;Esp Famllevarlo o [m5]tenerlo claro: ¡lo lleva o [m5] tiene claro si piensa que le vamos a ayudar! if he thinks we're going to help him, he can think again!;si no vienen ellos, lo tenemos claro if they don't come, we've had it8. [obvio, evidente] clear;el resultado fue claro the result was clear;¿está claro? is that clear?;está claro que van a ganar it's clear they're going to win;está claro que te quieren engañar it's obvious that they are trying to deceive you, they are obviously trying to deceive you;está claro o [m5]claro está que si no quieres, no estás obligado a participar of course o obviously, you're not obliged to participate if you don't want to;a no ser, claro, que tengas una idea mejor unless, of course, you have a better idea;está más claro que el agua it's perfectly o crystal clear;allí no vuelvo, eso está más claro que el agua I'm not going there again, that's for certain♦ nm1. [en bosque] clearing;[en multitud] space, gap;vi un claro en la fila I saw a gap in the row2. [en cielo nublado] break in the clouds;se esperan nubes y claros it will be cloudy with some bright spells;en cuanto haya un claro salimos we'll go out as soon as it brightens up3. [calvicie, calva] bald patch4. [en pintura] highlight5. Arquit skylight6. claro de luna moonlight♦ advclearly;hablar claro to speak clearly;dilo claro, ¿te interesa o no? tell me straight, are you interested or not?;¡claro! of course!;¡claro que sí!, ¡pues claro! of course!;¡claro que no! of course not!;¡claro que me gusta! of course I like it!;Irónico¿me ayudarás? – claro, no pensaba en otra cosa will you help me? – oh sure, I wouldn't dream of doing anything else;Irónicove tú primero – claro, así si hay algún agujero me caigo yo you go first – oh great o thanks a lot, that way if there's a hole I'll be the one to fall into it;claro, con un jugador más ya se puede of course, with an extra player it's hardly surprising;la obra no tuvo éxito, claro que conociendo al director no me sorprende the play wasn't a success, but then again that's hardly surprising knowing the director♦ a las claras loc advclearly* * *I adj1 tb figclear;poner en claro make clear;dejar claro make plain;quedar claro be clear;tener algo claro be sure o clear about sth;pasar la noche en claro lie awake all night, not sleep a wink;a las claras clearly2 color light3 ( luminoso) bright4 salsa thinII adv:hablar claro speak plainly;¡claro! of course!;claro está of courseIII m1 METEO clear spell2 en bosque clearing* * *claro adv1) : clearlyhabla más claro: speak more clearly2) : of course, surely¡claro!, ¡claro que sí!: absolutely!, of course!claro que entendió: of course she understoodclaro, -ra adj1) : bright, clear2) : pale, fair, light3) : clear, evidentclaro nm1) : clearing2)claro de luna : moonlight* * *claro1 adj1. (en general) clear2. (luminoso) bright3. (color) lightclaro2 adv clearlyclaro3 interj of courseclaro4 n (en meteorología) sunny interval -
13 Klage
Klage f RECHT suit, lawsuit, action, complaint (Zivilprozess) • eine Klage begründen RECHT substantiate a claim • gegen jmdn. Klage erheben RECHT bring an action against sb • gegen jmdn. öffentlich Klage erheben RECHT bring an accusation against sb • Klage abweisen RECHT dismiss a lawsuit, dismiss a complaint • Klage erheben RECHT enter a writ, issue a writ against sb • Klage stattgeben RECHT sustain an action, uphold a complaint* * *f < Recht> Zivilprozess suit, lawsuit, action, complaint ■ eine Klage begründen < Recht> substantiate a claim ■ gegen jmdn. Klage erheben < Recht> bring an action against sb ■ gegen jmdn. öffentlich Klage erheben < Recht> bring an accusation against sb ■ Klage erheben < Recht> enter a writ, issue a writ against sb* * *Klage
(vor Gericht) action [at law], legal action, lawsuit (US), suit at law (US), (in Scheidungssachen) petition;
• im Wege der Klage by bringing an action;
• dingliche Klage real action, action in rem;
• auf Vertrag gegründete Klage contractual action;
• mutwillige Klage vexatious proceedings;
• obligatorische (schuldrechtliche) Klage personal action, action in personam;
• wechselrechtliche Klage summary procedure on a bill of exchange;
• wechselrechtlich zulässige Klage action on a bill of exchange;
• zivilrechtliche Klage civil action;
• Klage einer Aktiengesellschaft corporate action;
• Klage eines Aktionärs gegen seine Gesellschaft shareholder’s bill;
• Klage auf Anfechtung von Hauptversammlungsbeschlüssen shareholders’ (stockholders’, US) representative action;
• Klage auf Anordnung der Vermögensverwaltung administration action (order, Br.);
• Klage auf Aufhebung eines Vertrages action for avoidance of contract;
• Klage auf abgesonderte Befriedigung (Konkursverfahren) creditor’s bill;
• Klage aus ungerechtfertigter Bereicherung action for money had and received (Br.);
• Klage auf Einleitung (Eröffnung) des Zwangsvollstreckungsverfahrens hypothecary action, foreclosure action (suit) (US);
• Klage wegen Entlassung aus unsozialen Gründen action for unfair dismissal;
• Klage auf Erfüllung des Vertrages action to claim specific performance of contract;
• Klage wegen Gewährleistungbruches action for breach of warranty;
• Klage aus unerlaubter Handlung action in tort (for conspiracy);
• Klage auf Herausgabe des Eigentums revindication action, action in detinue (for recovery);
• Klage auf Herausgabe eines Grundstücks action in expropriation of real property;
• Klage auf Leistungserfüllung action for specific performance;
• Klage auf Löschung eines Patents action for forfeiture of a patent;
• Klage auf Nichtigkeitserklärung nullity suit;
• Klage auf Räumung action for ejectment (US);
• Klage auf Rechnungslegung account render, action for an account (for accounting; Klage auf Rückgabe gepfändeter Sachen (Gegenstände) action in replevin, redemption action;
• Klage auf Rücknahme einer fehlerhaften Sache redhibitory action;
• Klage auf Rückzahlung eines Darlehens action on a debt;
• Klage auf Schadenersatz damages suit;
• Klage auf Schadenersatz wegen Nichtabnahme action at law for damages caused by non-acceptance;
• Klage auf Schadenersatz wegen Nichterfüllung action at law for damages caused by non-delivery;
• Klage auf Unterhalt maintenance suit, action for support (US);
• Klage wegen Verletzung des Urheberrechtes action for infringement of copyright;
• Klage wegen (aus) Vertragsverletzung action for breach of contract, writ of covenant;
• Klage wegen unlauteren Wettbewerbs passing-off action;
• Klage auf Zahlung des Kaufpreises action at law for the purchase price;
• Klage abändern to amend a statement of claim;
• Klage abweisen to dismiss (close) an action, to find for the defendant;
• [nicht erschienen Kläger] mit der Klage abweisen to nonsuit [the plaintiff in case of a default];
• Klage kostenpflichtig abweisen to dismiss a case with costs;
• Klage als unbegründet abweisen to dismiss a complaint on its merits;
• Klage anstrengen to intend (maintain, enter) an action, to bring a case before the court;
• Klage gegen j. anstrengen to enter (institute) an action (bring a suit) against s. o.;
• Klage begründen to substantiate a claim, to make an action;
• sich auf eine Klage einlassen to enter an appearance, to appear in an action;
• Klage einreichen to prefer a suit, to file (lodge) a complaint, to file a lawsuit;
• Klage erheben to bring (institute, enter, maintain) an action, to commence a lawsuit (US), to file a suit (US);
• Klage im eigenen Namen erheben to maintain an action in one’s own name;
• Klage wegen Verletzung eines Patents erheben to bring an action for infringement of a patent;
• Klage auf Vertragsanfechtung erheben to bring an action for rescission of contract;
• Klage für zulässig erklären to declare an action admissible;
• Klage für zuständig erklären to entertain an action;
• Klage fallen lassen to drop a court case, to drop (abandon) an action;
• einer Klage stattgeben to sustain an action;
• Klage als unzulässing verwerfen to dismiss an action;
• seine Klage vortragen to state one’s case;
• Klage zurücknehmen to abandon (drop, relinquish, withdraw) an action, to drop one’s ligitation, to nonsuit;
• Klage zustellen to serve a writ;
• Klageabänderung amendments of a statement of claim;
• Klageabweichung departure;
• Klageabweisung involuntary nonsuit, dismissal of an action;
• Klageabweisung wegen Unschlüssigkeit compulsory nonsuit;
• Klageabweisungsantrag stellen to direct a nonsuit;
• Klage änderung amendments to a pleading.
substanziieren, Klage
to substantiate an action. -
14 Bain, Alexander
[br]b. October 1810 Watten, Scotlandd. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).[br]Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.[br]Bibliography1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles andMechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).Further ReadingThe best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).See also: Bakewell, Frederick C.DV / KF -
15 Todd, Leonard Jennett
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]fl. 1885 London, England[br]English (?) patentee of steam engines incorporating the uniflow principle.[br]In a uniflow system, the steam enters a steam engine cylinder at one end, pushes the pistons along, and exhausts through a ring of ports at the centre of the cylinder that are uncovered by movement of the piston. The piston is returned by steam then entering the other end of the cylinder, moving the piston arrangement back, and again making its exit through the central ports. This gave the thermodynamic advantage of the cylinder ends remaining hot and the centre colder with reheating the ends of the cylinder through compression of the residual steam. The principle was first patented by Jacob Perkins in England in 1827 and was tried in America in 1856.Little is known about Todd. The addresses given in his patent specifications show that he was living first at South Hornsey and then Stoke Newington, both in Middlesex (now in London). No obituary notices have been traced. He took out a patent in 1885 for a "terminal exhaust engine" and followed this with two more in 1886 and 1887. His aim was to "produce a double acting steam engine which shall work more efficiently, which shall produce and maintain within itself an improved gradation of temperature extending from each of its two Hot Inlets to its common central Cold Outlet". His later patents show the problems he faced with finding suitable valve gears and the compression developing during the return stroke of the piston. It was this last problem, particularly when starting a condensing engine, that probably defeated him through excessive compression pressures. There is some evidence that he hoped to apply his engines to railway locomotives.[br]Bibliography1885, British patent no. 7,301 (terminal exhaust engine). 1886, British patent no. 2,132.1887, British patent no. 6,666.Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides the fullest discussion of his patents). H.W.Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press.J.Stumpf, 1912, The Una-Flow Steam Engine, Munich: R.Oldenbourg.RLH -
16 específico
adj.specific, particular, special.* * *► adjetivo1 specific1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine\peso específico specific gravity————————1 (medicamento) specific; (especialidad) patent medicine* * *(f. - específica)adj.* * *1.ADJ specific2.SM (Med) specific* * *I- ca adjetivo1) ( preciso) specific2) (Farm, Med) specificIImasculino specific* * *= given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.Ex. The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.Ex. The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.Ex. The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.Ex. The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.Ex. Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.Ex. Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.Ex. Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.Ex. In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.Ex. This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.Ex. There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.Ex. It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.Ex. The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.Ex. It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.Ex. Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.Ex. Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.Ex. These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.Ex. Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.----* área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.* area temática específica = narrow subject area.* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.* centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.* conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.* del documento específico = document-related.* dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.* específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de = peculiar to.* específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de la edición = edition-specific.* específico de las empresas = company-specific.* específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.* específico de una agencia = agency-specific.* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.* específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.* específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.* específico para cada edición = edition-specific.* grupo específico = niche.* hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.* índice específico = specific index.* información específica = data element.* mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.* mercado específico = niche market.* para ser específico = to be specific.* peso específico = specific gravity.* público específico = niche audience.* término específico = specific term.* término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).* término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).* término más específico = narrower term.* tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.* valor específico = weighting.* * *I- ca adjetivo1) ( preciso) specific2) (Farm, Med) specificIImasculino specific* * *= given, individual, narrow [narrower -comp., narrowest -sup.], niche-specific, one, one-off, specific, single, bounded, determinate, particular, defined, designated, circumscribed, targeted, focused [focussed], narrowly focused.Ex: The notation for any given geographical division varies between classes and between different parts of the same classes.
Ex: The series area includes the series title, an indication of the responsibility for the series (often series editors), and the number of the individual work within the series, if the work is one of a numbered series.Ex: The subject areas which such data bases cover may range from relatively narrow subjects, to interdisciplinary areas.Ex: The history and analysis of CCML presented here is quite subjective and specific to BRS, but does reflect the issues associated with producing a niche-specific database.Ex: Note the different definitions, and the different boundaries for this one subject area.Ex: Associated with full-time staffing reductions has been the virtual elimination of part-time teachers and ' one-off' expert lecturers.Ex: Various publishers have reputations for specific styles, subject areas or works for specific audiences.Ex: In other words, the elements of any single case may point to several concepts; in this sense, the cases are like icebergs -- more is hidden han appears on the surface.Ex: This problem arises in real time multimedia applications, which often requires a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delay to ensure that the quality of service is met = Este problema surge en las aplicaciones multimedia en tiempo real, que a menudo necesitan un ancho de banda garantizado y un retraso limitado para asegurar la calidad del servicio.Ex: There is no coherent and determinate body of legal doctrine and the categories available for classifying legal problems simply mask the incoherency and indeterminacy of legal doctrine.Ex: It is possible to identify an item uniquely within a particular institution or agency by a running accession number.Ex: The Pearson correlation coefficient has been calculated to find out the correlation and to test the null hypothesis that there is no correlation among publishing in journals, citing from journals and use of journals by a defined set of researchers.Ex: It is tremendously valuable to library staff (particularly in libraries with a designated departmental structure) to maintain close professional ties with local academic departments.Ex: Library and Information Plans (LIP) are 5-year management plans for information provision in a circumscribed region.Ex: Threats to the integrity of science include interest in paranormal phenomena, sensationalism of science and pressure for targeted research.Ex: These include a series of focused workshops and a four day national conference.Ex: Some articles cover broad themes while others are more narrowly focused.* área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.* area temática específica = narrow subject area.* base de datos dirigida a un mercado específico = niche database.* centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.* conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* dedicado a una aplicación específica = dedicated.* del documento específico = document-related.* dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.* específico a la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de = peculiar to.* específico de la biblioteca = library-specific.* específico de la edición = edition-specific.* específico de las empresas = company-specific.* específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.* específico de una agencia = agency-specific.* específico de una base de datos = database-specific.* específico de una disciplina = discipline-specific.* específico de un trabajo concreto = job-specific.* específico para cada edición = edition-specific.* grupo específico = niche.* hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.* índice específico = specific index.* información específica = data element.* mención específica del formato de música impresa = musical presentation statement.* mercado específico = niche market.* para ser específico = to be specific.* peso específico = specific gravity.* público específico = niche audience.* término específico = specific term.* término específico genérico (NTG) = narrower term generic (NTG).* término específico partitivo (NTP) = narrower term partitive (NTP).* término más específico = narrower term.* tratamiento específico de la información = specific approach.* valor específico = weighting.* * *A (determinado, preciso) specific pesoun medicamento específico a specificspecific* * *
Del verbo especificar: ( conjugate especificar)
especifico es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
especificó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
especificar
específico
especificar ( conjugate especificar) verbo transitivo
to specify
específico◊ -ca adjetivo
specific
especificar verbo transitivo to specify
específico,-a
I adjetivo specific
II m Med specific (remedy): los médicos de la seguridad social procuran no recetar específicos, doctors in the national health care system avoid prescribing specifics to their patients
' específico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
específica
- peso
- concreto
- general
- helecho
- particular
- quinceañero
English:
backbencher
- crime
- general
- given
- in
- literate
- particular
- specific
- back
* * *específico, -a♦ adjspecific♦ nm[medicamento] specific* * *adj specific* * *específico, -ca adj: specific♦ específicamente adv* * *específico adj specific -
17 Houldsworth, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1797 Manchester (?), Englandd. 1868 Manchester (?), England[br]English cotton spinner who introduced the differential gear to roving frames in Britain.[br]There are two claimants for the person who originated the differential gear as applied to roving frames: one is J.Green, a tinsmith of Mansfield, in his patent of 1823; the other is Arnold, who had applied it in America and patented it in early 1823. This latter was the source for Houldsworth's patent in 1826. It seems that Arnold's gearing was secretly communicated to Houldsworth by Charles Richmond, possibly when Houldsworth visited the United States in 1822–3, but more probably in 1825 when Richmond went to England. In return, Richmond received information about parts of a cylinder printing machine from Houldsworth. In the working of the roving frame, as the rovings were wound onto their bobbins and the diameter of the bobbins increased, the bobbin speed had to be reduced to keep the winding on at the same speed while the flyers and drawing rollers had to maintain their initial speed. Although this could be achieved by moving the driving belt along coned pulleys, this method did not provide enough power and slippage occurred. The differential gear combined the direct drive from the main shaft of the roving frame with that from the cone drive, so that only the latter provided the dif-ference between flyer and bobbin speeds, i.e. the winding speeds, thus taking away most of the power from that belt. Henry Houldsworth Senior (1774–1853) was living in Manchester when his son Henry was born, but by 1800 had moved to Glasgow. He built several mills, including a massive one at Anderston, Scotland, in which a Boulton \& Watt steam engine was installed. Henry Houldsworth Junior was probably back in Manchester by 1826, where he was to become an influential cotton spinner as chief partner in his mills, which he moved out to Reddish in 1863–5. He was also a prominent landowner in Cheetham. When William Fairbairn was considering establishing the Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions in 1854, he wanted to find an influential manufacturer and mill-owner and he made a happy choice when he turned to Henry Houldsworth for assistance.[br]Bibliography1826, British patent no. 5,316 (differential gear for roving frames).Further ReadingDetails about Henry Houldsworth Junior are very sparse. The best account of his acquisition of the differential gear is given by D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (an explanation of the mechanisms of the roving frame).W.Pole, 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn, Bart., London (provides an account of the beginning of the Manchester Steam Users' Association for the Prevention of Steam-boiler Explosions).RLH -
18 erhalten
erhalten v 1. GEN gain, obtain, receive; 2. PAT obtain; 3. RECHT recover; obtain (Genehmigung); 4. UMWELT preserve, conserve (bewahren); 5. V&M maintain (Kunden) • erhalten haben GEN be in receipt of (Brief, Zahlung) • nicht erhalten BÖRSE fail to receive* * *v 1. < Geschäft> gain, obtain, receive; 2. < Patent> obtain; 3. < Recht> recover, Genehmigung obtain; 4. < Umwelt> bewahren preserve, conserve; 5. <V&M> Kunden maintain ■ erhalten haben < Geschäft> Brief, Zahlung be in receipt of ■ nicht erhalten < Börse> fail to receive* * *erhalten, Bescheid
to be informed;
• Erlaubnis erhalten to obtain permission;
• Kosten von der Versicherungsgesellschaft erstattet erhalten to be reimbursed by one’s insurance company;
• Kündigung binnen Monatsfrist erhalten to receive a month's notice;
• größeren Marktanteil erhalten to get a bigger foot in the market;
• Quittung erhalten to be given a receipt in return;
• Rückvergütung erhalten (Rückzoll) to draw back;
• Schadenersatz erhalten to obtain damages;
• vier Tage Urlaub erhalten to be granted four days [of] leave;
• erhalten (a.) received;
• Betrag erhalten payment received;
• Betrag bar erhalten cash received;
• gut erhalten (Ware) incorrupt;
• richtig erhalten duly received;
• Wert erhalten (auf Wechseln) value received;
• gut erhalten sein to be in good condition, (Gebäude) to be in good repair.
erhalten
(a.) received -
19 Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse
[br]b. 1834 Toulouse, France d. 1907[br]French engineer and businessman, inventor of the Lartigue monorail.[br]Lartigue worked as a civil engineer in Algeria and while there invented a simple monorail for industrial or agricultural use. It comprised a single rail carried on trestles; vehicles comprised a single wheel with two tubs suspended either side, like panniers. These were pushed or pulled by hand or, occasionally, hauled by mule. Such lines were used in Algerian esparto-grass plantations.In 1882 he patented a monorail system based on this arrangement, with important improvements: traction was to be mechanical; vehicles were to have two or four wheels and to be able to be coupled together; and the trestles were to have, on each side, a light guide rail upon which horizontal rollers beneath the vehicles would bear. Early in 1883 the Lartigue Railway Construction Company was formed in London and two experimental prototype monorails were subsequently demonstrated in public. One, at the Paris Agricultural Exhibition, had an electric locomotive that was built in two parts, one either side of the rail to maintain balance, hauling small wagons. The other prototype, in London, had a small, steam locomotive with two vertical boilers and was designed by Anatole Mallet. By now Lartigue had become associated with F.B. Behr. Behr was Managing Director of the construction company and of the Listowel \& Ballybunion Railway Company, which obtained an Act of Parliament in 1886 to built a Lartigue monorail railway in the South West of Ireland between those two places. Its further development and successful operation are described in the article on Behr in this volume.A much less successful attempt to establish a Lartigue monorail railway took place in France, in the départment of Loire. In 1888 the council of the département agreed to a proposal put forward by Lartigue for a 10 1/2 mile (17 km) long monorail between the towns of Feurs and Panissières: the agreement was reached on the casting vote of the Chairman, a contact of Lartigue. A concession was granted to successive companies with which Lartigue was closely involved, but construction of the line was attended by muddle, delay and perhaps fraud, although it was completed sufficiently for trial trains to operate. The locomotive had two horizontal boilers, one either side of the track. But the inspectors of the department found deficiencies in the completeness and probable safety of the railway; when they did eventually agree to opening on a limited scale, the company claimed to have insufficient funds to do so unless monies owed by the department were paid. In the end the concession was forfeited and the line dismantled. More successful was an electrically operated Lartigue mineral line built at mines in the eastern Pyrenees.It appears to have reused equipment from the electric demonstration line, with modifications, and included gradients as steep as 1 in 12. There was no generating station: descending trains generated the electricity to power ascending ones. This line is said to have operated for at least two years.[br]Bibliography1882, French patent no. 149,301 (monorail system). 1882, British patent no. 2,764 (monorail system).Further ReadingD.G.Tucker, 1984, "F.B.Behr's development of the Lartigue monorail", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 55 (describes Lartigue and his work).P.H.Chauffort and J.-L.Largier, 1981, "Le monorail de Feurs à Panissières", Chemin defer régionaux et urbains (magazine of the Fédération des Amis des Chemins de FerSecondaires) 164 (in French; describes Lartigue and his work).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse
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20 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
[br]b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USAd. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England[br]American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.[br]Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.Bibliography1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).Further ReadingObituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See also: Pilcher, Percy SinclairCM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
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